![]() This automatically induced, motor representation of the observed action corresponds to what is spontaneously generated during active action and whose outcome is known to the acting individual. The mapping of the observed actions onto one's own motor system is direct, automatic, and does not involve a sophisticated perceptual analysis: "Each time an individual sees an action done by another individual, neurons that represent that action are activated in the motor cortex. Simulation theories of action understanding According to the direct-matching hypothesis, "an action is understood when its observation causes the motor system of the observer to 'resonate'" (Rizzolatti et al., 2001, p. ![]() I shall offer an alternative interpretation, which preserves the MNs' role in action understanding without imposing a simulation function on them (section 4). I shall argue that the evidence published on the response properties of MNs in monkeys is incompatible with these theories of action understanding because (a) MNs' activation reflects not the commencement but the conclusion of action interpretation (section 2), and because (b) MNs do not 'mirror' observed actions with sufficient accuracy for effective simulation (section 3). In particular, mirror neurons have been argued to support simulation theories of action understanding and mind reading (Gallese & Goldman, 1998 Gallese et al., 2004), an idea that has also been dubbed as the 'direct-matching hypothesis' (Rizzolatti et al., 2001). fundamental role to mirror neurons in understanding observed actions (section 1). Here I am concerned with the more modest claim that credits a. The discovery of mirror neurons (MNs) has been hailed as the most important finding of the last decade in neuroscience (Ramachandran, 2000), paving the road for the explanation of diverse phenomena from the evolution of language (Rizzolatti & Arbib, 1998), through imitation (Iacoboni et al., 1999), to intersubjectivity (Gallese, 2003). The importance of developing hierarchy theories is also more fully explained. ![]() The heuristics are applicable to language and sociocultural evolution, and here, we give an in-depth analysis of how the unit-heuristic can be implemented into language origin and evolution studies. Applied evolutionary epistemology is a metatheoretical framework that understands any and all kinds of evolution as phenomena where units evolve by mechanisms at levels of an ontological hierarchy and it provides three heuristics to search for these units, levels and mechanisms. In previous work, I have examined how this selection-focused evolutionary epistemology may be universalized to include theories that associate with an. Medicina Clínica is included in the General and Internal Medicine category of Thomson Reuters.Universal Darwinism provides a methodology to study the evolution of anatomical form and sociocultural behavior that centers on defining the units and levels of selection, and it identifies the conditions whereby natural selection operates. The journal adheres to the standards of academic research publications in all aspects including peer-review and ethical principles. ![]() These manuscripts contain updated topics with a major clinical or conceptual relevance in modern medicine. Medicina Clínica is predominantly interested in publishing original research manuscripts, which are rigorously selected according to their quality, originality, and interest, and also in continued medical education-oriented manuscripts, which are commissioned by the journal to relevant authors (Editorials, Reviews, and Diagnosis and Treatment). The key characteristics of Medicina Clínica are the scientific and methodological rigor of its manuscripts, the topicality of its contents, and, especially, its practical focus with highly useful information for clinical practice. Launched in 1943, Medicina Clínica is a fortnightly journal aimed at the promotion of clinical research and practice among internal medicine and other specialists.
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